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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using <t>ELISA.</t> Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.
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There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: There is a negative correlation between serum MDK levels and BMD. (A) Schematic of the experimental workflow for detecting MDK expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis and in ovariectomized mice. (B) Statistical analysis of T-score differences between hip and lumbar spine BMD in patients (Normal-BMD vs . OP groups). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. (C) Serum MDK protein concentrations were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Normal BMD: normal bone mineral density group ( n = 42); OP, osteoporosis group ( n = 42). (D, E) Pearson correlation analysis of the relationship between serum MDK concentration and hip BMD T-score (D) and lumbar BMD T-score (E). (F) Serum MDK protein concentrations in control and OVX mice were measured using ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). (G, H) Detection and quantitative analysis of MDK protein expression in bone sections of control and OVX mice using immunofluorescence. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t -test (for normally distributed data with equal variance). Scale bar, 100 μm ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test, Concentration Assay, Control, Immunofluorescence

iMDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of bone formation and inflammatory cytokines. (A) Representative micro-CT images of distal femora (top) with three-dimensional reconstruction of the region of interest (bottom), with the blue indicating higher-density bone and the red indicating lower-density bone. (B – D) Statistical quantification of trabecular bone microstructural parameters (BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.Th). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (E) Representative images of trabecular bone area in distal femur sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (F) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone area of the distal femur stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (G) Immunohistochemical staining of OCN in distal femurs. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (H) Quantitative analysis of OCN-positive area. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (I) Western blotting analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse bone tissues. (J) Inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse serum was detected by ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; “ns” indicates non-significant differences.

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: iMDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of bone formation and inflammatory cytokines. (A) Representative micro-CT images of distal femora (top) with three-dimensional reconstruction of the region of interest (bottom), with the blue indicating higher-density bone and the red indicating lower-density bone. (B – D) Statistical quantification of trabecular bone microstructural parameters (BMD, BV/TV, and Tb.Th). Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (E) Representative images of trabecular bone area in distal femur sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (F) Quantitative analysis of the trabecular bone area of the distal femur stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (G) Immunohistochemical staining of OCN in distal femurs. Scale bar, 200 μm or 50 μm. (H) Quantitative analysis of OCN-positive area. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (I) Western blotting analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse bone tissues. (J) Inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in mouse serum was detected by ELISA. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; “ns” indicates non-significant differences.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Micro-CT, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Western Blot, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Schematic representation of MDK alleviating bone loss. MDK is significantly elevated in the serum of postmenopausal osteoporotic women and ovariectomized mice. Due to estrogen deficiency, iMDK alleviates bone loss by promoting bone formation and inhibiting inflammatory factors. Recombinant MDK protein inhibits osteogenic differentiation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and up-regulates inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Journal: Genes & Diseases

Article Title: Targeting MDK alleviates bone loss via dual regulation of osteogenic differentiation and inflammatory cytokine expression

doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101931

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of MDK alleviating bone loss. MDK is significantly elevated in the serum of postmenopausal osteoporotic women and ovariectomized mice. Due to estrogen deficiency, iMDK alleviates bone loss by promoting bone formation and inhibiting inflammatory factors. Recombinant MDK protein inhibits osteogenic differentiation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and up-regulates inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Article Snippet: We purchased the Mouse P1NP (Procollagen 1 N-Terminal Propeptide) ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0233), Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0044), Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m3063), and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (Cat#e-el-m0037) from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Recombinant